Caste consciousness

Caste system is a phenomenon related to Hinduism in particular. On the basis of caste, it is fixed at the time of a person’s birth that whether she/he would have higher or lower status in social hierarchy. Castes were first classified according to their occupation. But due to access to wealth, power, and privilege, Brahmins and Kshatriyas started to use religious sanctions to monopolize their position. 

Caste system in India is so rigidly deep-rooted in its socio-cultural and religious life. But in reality it is no God-send virtue to be followed by the people. It has had several exploitative and discriminatory effects on our social order throughout the ages. As a by-product, caste system has given several other social ills to the society such as untouchability.

A Brahmin’s caste pride comes with humiliation for other castes is both the base and superstructure of Indian society. Blindness to caste does not take away the social, political and economical privileges one gets because of one’s accident of birth in a particular upper caste. Anyone belonging to a hierarchically privileged caste is bound to get the advantages of his caste location, willingly or unwillingly, consciously or unconsciously.

To be born in a privileged caste is not anyone’s fault but to refuse to even acknowledge unearned benefits’ accruing due to one’s caste and thereby claiming that the very mechanism that enforces them is absent in one’s life is not right. For the people belonging to the marginalized lower strata of this system, caste is about humiliation, deprivation, oppression and imposed identity.

To be oblivious to caste and indifferent to the caste associations of friends, employees and associates, is no longer enough in today’s caste-conscious India. Caste blindness is an affectation available only to the privileged; the lower castes cannot afford to be indifferent to caste.

Caste discrimination affects millions people and involves massive violations of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Caste systems divide people into unequal and hierarchical social groups. Those at the bottom are considered ‘lesser human beings’, ‘impure’ and ‘polluting’ to other caste groups and subjected to untouchability practices. Untouchables, known as Dalits are often forcibly assigned the most dirty, menial and hazardous jobs, and many are subjected to forced and bonded labor. Due to exclusion, they have limited access to resources, services and development, keeping most of them in severe poverty.

Caste consciousness is not so rigid in Indian diaspora as in India. They have caste feeling but not use it in day to day practices but use it flexibly without causing any harm or ill treatment. Caste identity has been central to the ways in which Indians overseas organised their society. They still look to marry within caste and endorse caste system. People change their names and surnames to get away from low-caste identity. Caste is something that is embedded in the psyche of a person. So, as long as a person's cultural roots are present in a society with caste system embedded in it, this practice is bound to continue. Thus, a second generation emigrant is to have lesser belief in the caste system and so on. Thus caste consciousness is very much present in much of the Indian diaspora.

Although India has a more rigid mechanism of caste system, the struggle of BR Ambedkar was able to grant the lower castes with the incentive of reservation, which is mostly absent in other countries. In Oct 2018, Kerala government has appointed 54 non-Brahmin priests including 7 dalits to the Cochin Devaswom Board. Earlier, 36 non-Brahmins, including six Dalits, were appointed to the Travancore Devaswom Board.

The Constitution mandates that no citizen shall, on grounds only of caste or race, be subjected to any disability and restriction. Nehru had hoped caste would disappear from India’s consciousness. Law can only provide protection from exploitation but it cannot bring attitudinal change in so-called upper castes. The young and modern generation is perhaps the only hope in bringing about the real meaning of social justice in our country.

Wherever a Hindu goes he takes his caste along with him .. Dr Ambedkar 

The myth of meritocracy

Meritocracy represents a vision in which power and privilege would be allocated by individual merit, not by social origins. According to the meritocratic ideal, jobs should go not to people who have connections or pedigree, but to those best qualified for them, regardless of their background. Reservations allows for exceptions – for positive discrimination, to help undo the effects of previous discrimination. In moving toward the meritocratic ideal, we have imagined that we have retired the old encrustations of inherited hierarchies. But that is not the real story.

• Meritocracy is an ideal in which riches and rule were earned, not inherited. Democracy would give way to rule by the cleverest - not an aristocracy of birth, not a plutocracy of wealth, but a true meritocracy of talent.
• Education mattered as a means of mobility, but also as a way to make people more forceful as citizens. Wealth reflects the innate distribution of natural talent, and the wealthy increasingly marry one another, society sorts into two main classes, in which everyone accepts that they have more or less what they deserve. 
• The eminent know that success is a just reward for their own capacity and their own efforts. Nearly all parents try to gain unfair advantages for their offspring. When you have inequalities of income, people with extra money pursues that goal. If the financial status of your parents helped determine your economic rewards, you would no longer be living by merit.
• Higher education in the US and Britain was seen as a great equaliser. But higher education is a great stratifier. Elite US universities – including Brown, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton, and Yale – take more students from the top 1% of the income distribution than from the bottom 60%. Yale law professor Daniel Markovits argues - American meritocracy become precisely what it was invented to combat: a mechanism for the dynastic transmission of wealth and privilege across generations.
• Emerging cohort of mercantile meritocrats who had achieved advancement not on their own merit but because they were, as somebody’s son or daughter, the beneficiaries of nepotism. The newcomers believes they have morality on their side and there is almost no block on the rewards they arrogate to themselves. The carapace of merit had only inoculated the winners from shame and reproach.
• In US, liberal elites look down on ordinary Americans, ignore their concerns and use their power to their own advantage. Working-class men often think that middle-class and upper-class men are unmanly or undeserving. American white working class has been persuaded that they do not deserve the opportunities that have been denied to them.
• Talent is capitalised efficiently only in high tax brackets and that we have simply failed to achieve the meritocratic ideal. If you were upholding meritocracy, then your equation was sponsoring a larger inequality.
• The central task of ethics is to ask what it is for a human life to go well. A plausible answer is that living well means meeting the challenge set by three things: your capacities, the circumstances into which you were born, and the projects that you yourself decide are important. Because each of us comes equipped with different talents and is born into different circumstances, and because people choose their own projects, each of us faces his or her own challenge. There is no comparative measure that would enable an assessment of whether your life or my life is better. What matters in the end is simply that we do our best.
• The capacity for hard work is the result of natural endowments and upbringing. So neither talent nor effort would determine rewards in the world of the meritocracy. People who have been repeatedly labelled ‘dunce’ still have capacities and the challenge of making a meaningful life. The lives of the less successful are not less worthy than those of others. There is simply no sensible way of comparing the worth of human lives.
• Money and status are rewards that can encourage people to do the things that need doing. A well-designed society will elicit and deploy developed talent efficiently. The social rewards of wealth and honor are inevitably going to be unequally shared, because that is the only way they can serve their function as incentives for human behavior. But we go wrong when we deny not only the merit but the dignity of those who were unlucky.
• People will inevitably want to share both money and status with those they love, seeking to get their children financial and social rewards. But we should not secure our children’s advantages in a way that denies a decent life to the children of others. Each child should have access to a decent education, suitable to her talents and her choices; each should be able to regard him- or herself with self-respect. We need to apply ourselves to something we do not yet quite know how to eradicate contempt for those who are disfavored by the ethic of effortful competition.
• Most CEOs of big corporations, Wall Street mavens, and high-priced lawyers got where they are because they knew the right people. A prestigious college packed with the children of wealthy and well-connected parents is now the launching pad into the stratosphere of big money. Elite colleges are doing their parts to accelerate the trend.
• Jared Kushner (Ivanka Trump's husband)'s father reportedly pledged $2.5 million to Harvard just as young Jared was applying, in 1998. The young man gained admission, despite rather mediocre grades.
• The monstrous concentration of wealth in America has created an education system in which the rich can effectively buy college admission for their children. It has created a justice system in which the rich can buy their way out of prison. It has spawned a political system in which the rich can buy their way into Congress and even into the Presidency. (Donald Trump, perhaps Starbuck’s Howard Schultz). And a health care system in which the super-rich can buy care unavailable to others (concierge medicine). Ditto in India also - even more blatant. It seems, everything is for sale. 

We live in a plenitude of incommensurable hierarchies, and the circulation of social esteem will always benefit the better novelist, the more important mathematician, the savvier businessman, the faster runner, the more effective social entrepreneur. We cannot fully control the distribution of economic, social and human capital, or eradicate the intricate patterns that emerge from these overlaid grids. But class identities do not have to internalize those injuries of class. It remains an urgent collective endeavor to revise the ways we think about human worth in the service of moral equality. 

We live in a system that espouses merit equality and a level playing field 

but exalts those with wealth power and celebrity however gained. - Derrick A. Bell

In India, a typical entrance test for medical admissions is competed by over 200,000 students for 2,000 seats i.e. 1:100. Almost all successful students belongs to wealthy, well-connected and attended very expensive & unethical coaching classes. Any system that ignores level playing field for poorer sections must be disbanded. The present entrance exam could be used as a qualifier test to select 20,000 merit students i.e. top 10%. And the final 2,000 students (among the qualified 20,000) should be selected purely on lottery basis, with no weightage for skewed merit. This would enable elimination of non-merit candidates and disbanding of all kinds of reservations. Women reservations (among merit qualified only) may continue for some more time. Aspiring poor candidates need not go through expensive coaching classes route to get into merit list of 20,000 because a real merit student could easily get qualified with self preparation. Thus coaching classes would lose their sheen and exploitation of aspiring students will come to an end.

Justice and its delivery

Corruption is hampering the delivery of justice globally. People perceive the judiciary as the second most corrupt public service, after the police. We in India, have been living with less than efficient judicial remedy system. Some reasons are restraint of contempt notice threat, corruption prevailing in courts, incompetent level of delivery pattern of our judiciary and lack of awareness even after 70 years of self rule. 

• A transparent and accountable judiciary to deliver justice for all. The integrity, independence, and impartiality of the judiciary are preconditions for fair and effective access to justice and for the protection of human rights. Discrimination and corrupt practices often prevent citizens, especially the poor and marginalized, from equitable opportunities and protection of their rights.
• More than 75% of the Indians have never visited courts while near 100% have visited doctors  and huge majority have visited schools or temples / churches / mosques and little lesser to colleges and employment offices.
• Vast majority have never tested the efficacy of the judicial system. Our judges and judicial officers are crying for help as the work seems piling and becoming unmanageable, what will then be the case if litigation intensity rises?
• The bitter truth is that our courts are court of law and not a court of justice. Some may disagree because it is the law and order that justice is incidental to. If you get proof beyond reasonable doubt, about your innocence, the court shall provide you with justice.
• To achieve justice, to prove the truth, it takes time. The judge doesn’t know what has happened. He or she has to learn, listen to both sides, and with the corroboration of evidence beyond reasonable doubt, make a decision. Extreme justice is often injustice.
• Even though the power is in the hands of the bench, its members cannot unplug the Constitution.
• The truism, justice delayed is justice denied, is easy to cite. But to be in that chair surrounded by thousands of provisions and arguments, and eyes looking for justice, it is not easy to make decisions that are not just in favour of what is right, but also in the interest of the public at large.
• What if, in haste, an innocent person is punished — it would be the most horrendous crime. Instead, let the crime of the guilty go unpunished, than an innocent person being condemned.
• Our judicial system is so opaque and money centered. Even a simple bail and case settlement is often decided and determined based on the person's capacity in financial terms and political poweress.
• It is not a coincidence that all criminal and politically sensitive cases of those in power are always in the back burner and this happen without fail.

Corruption undermines justice in many parts of the world with the poor and vulnerable suffering most. We need justice delivery system that works round-the-year, speedy and free - like public hospitals. To achieve this the judiciary infrastructure must be modernized and upgraded. Judge-to-people ratio should be increased from the present 18 to at least 50 per million people. With the states failing to spend adequately on providing the required infrastructure and adequate number of trained personnel by way of judges and staff, the judiciary can hardly be blamed from the enormous backlog of cases that has been built up to whopping 28 million pending cases. The justice delivery system failure has led to mafia, musclemen, politicians and policemen settling the disputes and collecting hefty amounts from all the aggrieved parties.