Government is a parasite

Government is a parasite.  Its sole capability is to perpetuate itself by feeding on and debilitating its hosts. Government’s host, human society, permits government to feed off it in exchange for social order i.e. government can reduce the harm one individual or a group can do to other innocent individuals. 

• Government can do nothing without first taking something from someone else. The bigger government grows, the more it takes, and the more it takes the more it saps the vitality of its hosts.  
• Politicians and lawyers pretend that they are important people doing important work. But often they're important because they are parasites. They feed off others, while creating no wealth of their own.
• Every merchant must offer us something we want in order to get our money. But that's not true for politicians and their businessman cronies. They get to use government force to grab our money. The parasite economy thrives wherever "you use the law to get something you couldn't get voluntarily in the marketplace."
• The more parasitic government saps the vitality of its hosts, the more the hosts resist. The more the hosts resist, the more government is compelled to visit force and violence upon the hosts to subdue them.
• Government invariably ends up spending a large and ever increasing amount of the energy it sucks from its hosts, thus subduing them. It becomes a host-destructive, and self-destructive, spiral for the host population and the parasitic government. 
• If Government got its spending under control, it would not need to pick our pockets. 
• Government’s appetite is unlimited, and majoritarian democracies in particular lack the self-discipline to limit their feeding to the optimal level that would preserve the vitality of the hosts.  
• Government also infects its hosts by transmitting all manner of ancillary social and economic diseases and disorders that further diminish the hosts’ vitality. 
• Governments have developed survival strategies to overcome their self-destructive gluttony by evolving into what biologists call a hyperparasite - a parasite that hosts another parasite - and by transforming itself into a predator capable of preying upon humans outside the host population. Government-parasite-turned-predator is called “empire.” Government as hyperparasite is called the “welfare state.”
• Government in its hyper-parasitic state sucks the sustenance from one group of human hosts within society to provide nourishment to another group of human hosts. Hyper-parasitic government feeds excessively off the more nutritious (productive) segment of society to nourish the less productive segment, from which it parasitizes less than it returns in nourishment.
• This host-farm, redistribution strategy also has the added benefit of providing parasitic politicians sufficient votes to ward off any revolt of the hosts.
• Eventually the productive hosts will cease to produce sufficient to nourish the rest of society adequately. At this point, hyper-parasitic government begins to starve its human hosts to death.
• More and more people and groups are now a days whining and complaining as they demand that the government declare them to be clean and righteous. 

By using euphemisms and spin, the Government tries to hide the truth. If the Government cleaned up its own act, it might one day be able to give some money back, so its mates could spend their own hard earned money in the way they know is best for them. Sadly, none of the major parties seem to know what true mate-ship looks like, because real mates don’t force mates to hand over hard-earned money.

Government is not the solution to our problem; 

government is the problem - Ronald Reagan 

There is nothing fair about a tax that is effectively a fine for doing well. 

We have no government armed with power capable of contending 
with human passions unbridled by morality and religion. 
Our Constitution was made for a moral and religious people. 
It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other -  John Adams

Metaphorically, government is a parasite and we are its host. We support it and pump it up. When the parasite grows bigger than the host, the host will die. It's a logical conclusion. Every human dysfunction, every deviant behavior and even lawlessness feeds this parasite. Since the parasite is not allowed to judge, nor apply any moral discernment to its process and all the crooked things get guarded and shielded by politics. The host with awareness of conscience now lives in unease of the larger parasite that lives conscience-free.

Politics and Policies

Politics is defined as a science or art of governing, especially governing a political entity like a nation. A policy is defined as an overall plan that embraces the general goals. A policy is a course or action that is proposed by a government, an individual, business firm, or a party. It is not that political parties adhere to certain policies, but almost all individuals have policies. Most companies follow policies. A policy is a commitment or statement of intent. A policy is a set of rules or principles that guide decisions. It is because of the policy that people, an organization, or a party is held accountable.

1. Politics can be defined as a science or art of governing or government, especially governing a political entity like a nation. A policy can be defined as an overall plan that embraces general goals.
2. Politics refers to authority and refers to public life. Politics generally revolves round government and its activities. Politics is a term that refers to the organizational process.
3. Policy can be termed as a “principle.”
4. A policy can also be termed as a commitment or statement of intent. It is because of the policy that people, an organization, or a party is held accountable. Policy is a set of rules or principles that guide decisions.
5. Political parties run the government which all adhere to certain policies.
6. A policy can also be said to be a course or action that is proposed by a government, an individual, business firm, or any party.
7. Politics refers to the theory and practice of governance.

Due process of law

It is axiomatic in a democratic society that no one should be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, i.e. to be given a chance to be heard and present a case according to the rules set forth by the authorities before any action can be taken. Failing this, any action of the government to take one’s life, liberty or property is void and of no effect. Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. It is a course of formal proceedings carried out regularly and in accordance with established rules and principles that enables fair treatment through the normal judicial system. It is also a judicial requirement that enacted laws may not contain provisions that result in the unfair, arbitrary, or unreasonable treatment of an individual. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. 

• Due process guarantees that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.
• When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law. 
• The law of due process generally evokes the right of an individual to be heard before the imposition of punishment or penalties by the government.
• Due process does not mean you have the right to be believed, just that you have the right to be heard.
• Due process in court is one thing. But in the court of public opinion, it is a much more fluid notion, entangling questions of what is fair, what is reasonable to believe, and what rings emotionally true.
• The due process of a court action is often a very complicated and lengthy affair, involving pretrial discovery, witnesses, and a judicial proceeding. But given the stakes of loss of life or liberty, that makes sense. 
• The due process depends on context. The hearing may be very summary or informal or requires a jury trial with a standard of proof of beyond a reasonable doubt.
• The due process depends on the value or importance of the deprivation, and to some extent on the likelihood that more process might change the outcome. In the criminal context, where the stakes are higher, the amount of process is greater.
• For everyone, due process connotes only procedural protections: the process due (e.g., notice, opportunity to be heard) before someone is deprived of something.
• It is an obligation owed only by the government. A private person does not owe “due process” to another private person.
• In the case of employees the due process would be minimal. And it is important to note that employee can waive their right to insist on due process by resigning from employment and may well waive any due process rights that the employee otherwise would have had.
• At bottom, due process is our protection against arbitrary governmental action and is triggered only when the government acts. It does not apply to the press or the court of public opinion, or to private employers.

Due process gives all people the basic right to receive “written notice and an opportunity to be heard” before government takes any steps to deprive them life, liberty, or property. The subjects gets opportunity to speak against the deprivation, i.e. to appear in front of a judge to explain why this deprivation should not occur and how the subjects are in the right, and the government should not be permitted to take your life, liberty, or property.

Rule of the law essential for corruption elimination

• American civil society is 90% law and 10% politics. Indian civil society is 90% politics and 10% law. 
• India has chosen this political model that makes politics profitable to politicians. Indian politicians in power are among the richest in the category anywhere in the world. 
• In a dynamic society everything should be provided for by law and only a few things are left to politicians. The law should govern a nation where the judge, the police and the civil servant dispense justice to the citizen.
• Indian politics took enormous power in its hands in order to promote economic growth. But prosperity evolves by the laws of nature. 
• India has no legal vision that is why a million cases are pending in courts. Law and franchise are two sides of the same coin called democracy, one representing truth and the other popular will.  
• A government must be small. Then only rule of law can be implemented by the judiciary, the police and civil service.
• India is yet to write any document to keep the greedy politicians in check.
• Mass literacy will make the voter cast his vote to the right candidate. 
• Progress is indigenous; it cannot be imported from abroad.
• The main reason for India’s pervasive corruption is material greed. Some 15 million Indians have left India to seek monetary gains abroad. This basic moral defect can be kept under leash only by law. 
• Indian politics, instead of standing on the legal high ground, opted for huge state power. All-powerful ministers, MPs, MLAs and IAS officers amass wealth without any let or hindrance. Can India take a U-turn from politics to law, from money to moral rectitude? 
• Political change has always been difficult to effect. The true dimensions of the task of creating an ethical society must be borne in mind.
• Economic progress must have a firm legal and democratic foundation. The West too is suffering because of the excessive pursuit of wealth. The West ignored its policies and many are predicting even the demise of liberalism. If the West cannot afford immoral affluence, how can India afford it? 
• To seek to pursue growth on a shaky legal foundation is dangerous. The Indian polity is morally weak without any legal restraint. Economic growth in the absence of law has created the present corruption levels. 
• India must strengthen its judiciary. Then, without any fuss and public outcry corruption can be eliminated. The same judiciary and police will put an end to black money.
• The job of a minister is glamorous with power and pomp, whereas a judge and a police officer have to do their jobs in relative obscurity. A minister's job is largely decorative and that the job of the judge is constructive. Realising his true contribution, the politician must be humble. By a political awakening and a legal illumination corruption can be put to an end. 
• Citizens must become alert and create the right atmosphere for a lofty political leadership to emerge. A highly politicised society has to become a highly legalised society. Politics is partisan, law is unitary. Moving from politics to law is evolutionary progress.
• Politics is deep-rooted in the moral character of a society. Any politician who is willing to live on bread and water will not need any bribe. Economics is a zero-sum came. When the rich live in palaces the poor have to live on the streets. A voluntary tendency to lead a simple life by all will create the right atmosphere for economic probity.
• We cannot create a draconian state and end corruption. The moral transformation of civil society must be natural and based on persuasive leadership. A clear definition of a sustainable lifestyle must be voluntarily accepted. Only then the competitive urge to make more and more money will end. Money should become meaningful, moral and deeply satisfying. If true wealth is found in a rich heart, no one will want to touch money even with a barge pole.
• Law is the fulcrum of democracy and democracy is what holds the people together without force. Law and democracy can combine to form the life of politics to cleanse the country of corruption. Cheap politics has done enough damage to India. India needs Newtons and Einsteins in its politics to make it clean, pure and inspiring. Then the best and the brightest will come to politics to make it a haven of virtue and science.

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Two things form the bedrock of any open society.

Freedom of expression and rule of law ...  Salman Rushdie

If citizens cannot trust that laws will be enforced in an evenhanded and honest fashion, 

they can be said to live under the rule of men corrupted by the law ... Dale Carpenter

Corruption arises out of discretionary powers vested upon politicians, civil servants and judiciary, without any accountability, which are being misused for amassing ill-gotten wealth. These must be replaced with robust merit based algorithms. Transparency & accountability must be established at all levels. All government expenditure must have prior legislative sanction. Executive sanctioning of schemes, expenditure or anything must be prohibited. Every process of law administration must have legislative approval prior to implementation. Citizen rights must be respected under all circumstances by every one. Courts must deliver judgments within six months. VIP culture must be abandoned. These are few things which must be adopted immediately and refined continuously for establishing a happy society.

Failed state

• Failed state is unable to project authority over its territory and peoples, and it cannot protect its national boundaries. 
• The governing capacity of a failed state is unable to fulfill the administrative and organizational tasks required to control people and resources and can provide only minimal public services. Its citizens no longer believe that their government is legitimate, and the state becomes illegitimate in the eyes of the international community.
• A failed state is composed of feeble and flawed institutions. Often, the executive barely functions, while the legislature, judiciary, bureaucracy, and armed forces have lost their capacity and professional independence. 
• A failed state suffers from crumbling infrastructures, faltering utility supplies and educational and health facilities, and deteriorating basic human-development indicators, such as infant mortality and literacy rates. 
• Failed states create an environment of flourishing corruption and negative growth rates, where honest economic activity cannot flourish.
• A strong state provides core guarantees to its citizens and others under its jurisdiction in the three interrelated realms of security, economics, and politics. State failure comes in degrees and is often a function of both the collapse of state institutions and societal collapse.
• A failed state cannot maintain a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence and minimize internal conflict. It cannot formulate or implement public policies to effectively build infrastructure and deliver services or effective and equitable economic policies. 
• It cannot provide for the representation and political empowerment of its citizens or protect civil liberties and fundamental human rights. State failure manifests itself when a state can no longer deliver physical security, a productive economic environment, and a stable political system for its people.
• The total collapse of the state marks the final, extreme phase of state failure, and very few states can be described as completely failed or collapsed. 
• Many states suffer from various degrees of weakness and are therefore potential candidates for failure. Weak states were failing with increasing frequency, most of them in Africa but also a handful in Asia and the Middle East, and failed states are known to be hospitable to dangerous warlords and groups that commit terrorist acts. 
• Somalia and Afghanistan under the Taliban regime, are examples of states failure completely.
• Understanding the dynamics of state failure and strengthening weak nation-states in the developing world assumes new urgency.
• 25 Most failed states in the world are:

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India qualifies many aspects of 'failed state' but not yet failed. But if you look from view point of poorest man it is definitely a failed state.

Information is empowering

• Information: Facts provided or learned about something or someone. 
• Knowledge: Information and skills acquired through experience or education. The theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.
• Information is only a means to empowerment. Knowledge is power and sharing knowledge is empowering. 
• Information is free. Knowledge is not.
• Information is empowering. It can make us stronger, more confident, more in control and more able to claim our rights. It enables us to grow and learn. It helps us to make good decisions, engage with each other, build knowledge, create informed communities, connect globally, and in many other ways. 
• Information provides individuals with knowledge to address public issues, scrutinize government and become active participants in the democratic process. It reveals and clarifies the basis for government decisions, discloses environmental and health dangers and sheds light on error, mismanagement and illegal activities.
• Facts and figures doesn't speak for themselves. They have to be examined and interpreted by reason. Information results in improved records management, prompts routine disclosure of information, and results in better government services and efficiencies.
• Unless information is organized, processed, and available to the right people in a format for decision making, it is a burden, not a benefit.
• Information is power, but interpretation is more powerful. Data taken out of context can have unintended consequences. Transparency alone is not the great equalizer. When we're overloaded with information, wisdom is obscured.  

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; 
this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, 
receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers 
... United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

In common use almost every word has many shades of meaning, 

and therefore needs to be interpreted by the context ... Alfred Marshall

Implosion of trust

• The year 2017 witnessed the largest-ever drop in trust across the institutions of government, business, media and NGOs.
• Trust in media fell to an all-time lows, while trust levels in government dropped and is the least trusted institution. The credibility of leaders also is in peril: CEO credibility dropped globally to an all-time low, plummeting in every country, while government leaders remains least credible.
• The mass population distrusts their institutions, compared to the informed public.
• The implications of the global trust crisis are deep and wide-ranging. It began with the Great Recession of 2008, but like the second and third waves of a tsunami, globalization and technological change have further weakened people’s trust in global institutions. The consequence is virulent populism and nationalism as the mass population has taken control away from the elites.
• Current populist movements are fueled by a lack of trust in the system and economic and societal fears, including corruption, immigration, globalization, eroding social values and the pace of innovation.
• Politicians and the government are in real trouble. People don’t think they are the solution. They simply don’t trust them. The majority of people believe blunt, outspoken, spontaneous straight-talkers over rehearsed and diplomatic communicators.
• The cycle of distrust is magnified by the emergence of a media echo chamber that reinforces personal beliefs while shutting out opposing points of view. People favor search engines and more likely to ignore information that supports a position they do not believe in.
• People now view media as part of the elite. The lack of trust in media has also given rise to the fake news phenomenon and politicians speaking directly to the masses. Media outlets must take a more local and social approach.
• The dispersion of authority is evident. An ordinary person is now just as credible a source of information about a company as is a technical or academic expert, and far more credible than a CEO and government official.
• Business is viewed as the only one that can make a difference. Many believe a company can take actions to both increase profits and improve economic and social conditions in the community where it operates. Moreover, among those who are uncertain about whether the system is working for them, it is business that they trust most.
• Yet business finds itself on the brink of distrust of the public seeing it stoking their fears. A majority of population  worries about losing their jobs due to the impacts of globalization, lack of training or skills, immigrants who work for less, jobs moving to cheaper markets and automation.
• Business is the last retaining wall for trust. Its leaders must step up on the issues that matter for society. It has done a masterful job of illustrating the benefits of innovation but has done little to discuss the impact those advances will have on people’s jobs. Business must also focus on paying employees fairly, while providing better benefits and job training.
• Trust in business & NGOs dropped. Employees are trusted more than CEOs. In many countries people have lost faith in the system. Trust in traditional media and social media dropped. Only online media received the biggest bump in trust.

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Now a days, we don’t trust anything, or anyone. Mistrust is high, morale is low and trust is in crisis.Trust has been so much corroded that we now trust leaked information much more than traditional news sources and algorithms over human editors. Trust in institutions has evaporated to such an extent that falsehood can be misconstrued as fact, strength as intelligence, and self-interest as social compact. To rebuild trust and restore faith in the system institutions must move beyond their traditional roles of business as actor and innovator; governments as referee and regulator; media as watchdog; and NGOs as social conscience. Companies can build trust by treating employees well, offer high-quality products and services and listening to their customers. With employees more credible than a CEO, companies should work harder to get their customers and their expert employees to speak and advocate for them as much as possible. Companies have to show that they are not just listening but are also learning and responding to any feedback that they are given. The winners will be those that are more open, responsive and leverage the collective voices of both their employees and their customers.

Public policy implemetation

Conservatives are always scary about the increase in the size and scope of government. If the pitfalls and costs of implementation were properly understood, many policies would not be authorized, no matter how well intentioned. Recognize that central programs must be implemented locally. Implementation costs money and money is especially important politically when tax payers are in revolt.

Conservatives distrust governmental authority and wish to minimize the scope and cost of governmental activities. They are inherently suspicious of governmental bureaucracy. Liberals propose public policy solutions to a wide range of social problems, often ignoring the questions of the feasibility of implementation. Keep the government's hands off. Let the local level control and implement policy wherever feasible. Minimize and localize the activities of government and the scope of public policy. A policy may face unforeseen problems and must come with enough flexibility to allow government to change the course.

This is how governmental programs should be put into effect: 

1. When in doubt, stay out.
2. If something must be done, understand the behavioral dynamics and change the rules of the game without spending money.
3. Hire a private contractor and do not try to produce the good or service directly through government. 
4. When government must finance something, make sure that the money goes directly to the beneficiaries, not through indirect channels.
5. If government must finance and administer, competition must be permitted as a yardstick to gauge success and cost.
6. When government must obtain resources, it should purchase them in markets.
7. When government produces a good or service, it should, when possible, charge the users a pro rated cost, not give away the good or service free of charge.
8. Only as a last resort, when all the above has failed, should government finance, administer, and deliver the good or service free of charge.

Increased governance stresses the cost of government. And taxes depress other forms of spending, such as consumption and investment. A public policy will necessarily spend money, and money is central to this subject. 

Any policy is as good as it is administered

Authoritarian regime of Modi believes in majoritarianism and not secular at all. Ambedkar has rightly described as 'democracy in India is only a top-dressing on an Indian soil, which is essentially undemocratic'. Opaqueness in administration is increasing and none of the principles of democracy are being followed by Modi regime and institutions are getting reduced to nothing. None of the above rules are being followed in public policy administration. Whims are in the forefront.

Rule of the Law

The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials.

Definition of the 'rule of law' comprises the following four principles:

1. The government and its officials and agents as well as individuals and private entities are accountable under the law.
2. The laws are clear, publicized, stable, and just; are applied evenly; and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property and certain core human rights.
3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, fair, and efficient.
4. Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.

Factors of the rule of the law index:

1. Constraints on Governments Powers is the extent to which those who govern are bound by the (a) fundamental law, (b) limited by the legislature, judiciary and audit, (c) sanction for misconduct and (d) transition of power is subject to the law 
2. Absence of Corruption in government agencies i.e. legislature, executive, judiciary, military & police. Bribery, improper influence by public or private interests, and misappropriation of public funds or other resources.
3. Open Government is that (a) shares information, (b) empowers people to hold the government accountable, (c) fosters citizen participation in public policy deliberations. Publicizing of basic laws & legal rights, information properly published by the government, requests for information are properly granted, effective civic participation mechanisms and bringing specific complaints to the government 
4. Fundamental Rights protects human rights. It is a system of positive law and is at best “rule by law”. It encompasses adherence to (a) enforcement of laws that ensure equal protection (b) right to life and security of the person (c) due process of law and the rights of the accused (d), freedom of opinion and expression (e) freedom of belief and religion (f) the right to privacy (g) freedom of assembly and association (h) fundamental labor rights of collective bargaining, prohibition of forced & child labor and elimination of discrimination.
5. Order and Security is how well the society assures the security of persons and property. Security is one of the defining aspects of any rule of law of society that is a fundamental function of the state. It is also a precondition for the realization of the rights and freedoms that the rule of law seeks. This includes various threats i.e. crime, political violence, and violence to redress personal grievances.
6. Regulatory Enforcement is the extent to which regulations are fairly and effectively implemented and enforced. Strong rule of law requires that these regulations and administrative provisions are enforced effectively, are applied and enforced without improper influence by public officials or private interests, administrative proceedings are conducted timely, without delays, due process is respected in administrative proceedings, and that there is no expropriation of private property without adequate compensation. This does not assess what government chooses to regulate and to what extent but examines how regulations are implemented and enforced. To regulate such as public health, workplace safety, environmental protection and commercial activity.
7. Civil Justice measures whether ordinary people can resolve their grievances peacefully and effectively through the civil justice system. The civil justice system should be accessible and affordable, free of discrimination, free of corruption, and without improper influence by public officials.  This also necessitates that court proceedings are conducted in a timely manner and not subject to delays. Recognizing the value of Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms, this also measures the accessibility, impartiality, and efficiency of mediation and arbitration systems that enable parties to resolve civil disputes. 
8. Criminal Justice is a key aspect of the rule of law, constituting mechanism to redress grievances and bring action against individuals for offenses against society. Criminal justice systems are capable of investigating and adjudicating criminal offenses successfully and in a timely manner, through a system that is impartial and non-discriminatory, and is free of corruption and improper government influence, all while ensuring that the rights of both victims and the accused are effectively protected.  The delivery of effective criminal justice also necessitates correctional systems that effectively reduce criminal behavior. The delivery of criminal justice should take into consideration the entire system including the police, lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and prison officers. 

Informal Justice concerns the role played by customary and ‘informal’ systems of justice including traditional, tribal, and religious courts, and community-based systems in resolving disputes. These complex systems often play a large role in cultures in which formal legal institutions fail to provide effective remedies for large segments of the population, or when formal institutions are perceived as remote, corrupt, or ineffective. The dispute resolution systems are timely and effective, they are impartial and free of improper influence, and these systems respect and protect fundamental rights. 

Seven deadly sins are:

Wealth without work, Pleasure without conscience,
Science without humanity, Knowledge without character,
Politics without principle, Commerce without morality,
Worship without sacrifice. – Mahatma Gandhi

My View:

In every aspect of 'rule of law', our country India stands abysmal. With information, awareness, transparency and education it is improving rather slowly. The irony is that while people at low end are uneducated, unskilled, poor but are good; people at high end are educated, skilled, rich but are bad. It is a catch 22 situation; unless politics change - people won't change and unless people change - politics wont change. In past 70 years after independence there is significant improvement but far less compared many advanced countries.

Forms of Government

It has been suggested that every government which has ever existed has been a prime example of kakistocracy, or the rule of the worst, but this list of 169 different types of government suggests that that might be a bit too simplistic. Each of the following words indicates a form of government or type of leadership by a certain kind of person or institution. Everyone seems to want to get in on this rulership gig, from saints and mothers to beggars and prostitutes. Note the difference between the suffix 'archy', meaning 'rulership', and 'cracy', meaning 'power', which both come from Greek roots. 

1. acracy         government by none; anarchy
2. adhocracy   government in an unstructured fashion
3. albocracy     government by white people
4. anarchy      government by none
5. androcracy       government by men
6. anemocracy   government by the wind or by whim
7. angelocracy   government by angels
8. antarchy     opposition to government; anarchy
9. argentocracy   government by money
10. aristarchy   government by the best
11. aristocracy   government by the nobility
12. arithmocracy   government by simple majority
13. autarchy     government by an absolute ruler
14. autocracy   government by one individual
15. barbarocracy   government by barbarians
16. beerocracy   government by brewers or brewing interests
17. bestiocracy   rule by beasts
18. biarchy     government by two people; diarchy
19. binarchy     government by two people; diarchy
20. bureaucracy   government by civil servants
21. cannonarchy   government by superior firepower or by cannons
22. capelocracy   government by shopkeepers
23. chiliarchy     government by one thousand people
24. chirocracy   government by physical force
25. chromatocracy government by rulers of a particular skin colour
26. chrysoaristocracy government by the wealthy; plutocracy
27. chrysocracy   government by the wealthy; plutocracy
28. corpocracy   government by corporate bureaucrats
29. cosmarchy   rulership over the entire world, esp. by the devil
30. cottonocracy   government by those involved in the cotton trade
31. cryptarchy   secret rulership
32. decadarchy   government by ten individuals; decarchy
33. decarchy     government by ten individuals
34. demarchy   government by the people; popular government
35. democracy   government by the people
36. demonarchy   government by a demon
37. demonocracy   government by demons or evil forces
38. despotocracy   government by despots or tyrants
39. diabolocracy   government by the Devil
40. diarchy     government by two people
41. dinarchy     government by two people; diarchy
42. dodecarchy   government by twelve people
43. doulocracy   government by slaves
44. duarchy     government by two people; diarchy
45. dulocracy     government by slaves; doulocracy
46. dyarchy     government by two people; diarchy
47. ecclesiarchy   government by clerics or ecclesiastical authorities
48. endarchy     centralised government
49. ergatocracy   government by the workers or the working class
50. ethnarchy   government over an ethnic group
51. ethnocracy   government by an ethnic group or race
52. exarchy     government by bishops
53. foolocracy   government by fools
54. gerontocracy   government by the aged
55. gunarchy     government by women; gynarchy
56. gymnasiarchy   government over a school or academy
57. gynaecocracy   government by women; gynarchy
58. gynarchy     government by women
59. gynocracy   government by women; gynarchy
60. hagiarchy   government by saints or holy persons
61. hagiocracy   government by holy men
62. hamarchy   government by a cooperative body of parts
63. hecatarchy   government by one hundred people; hecatontarchy
64. hecatontarchy   government by one hundred people
65. hendecarchy   government by eleven people
66. heptarchy   government by seven people
67. heroarchy   government by heroes
68. hetaerocracy   government by paramours
69. heterarchy   government by a foreign ruler
70. hierarchy     government by a ranked body; government by priests
71. hierocracy   government by priests or religious ministers
72. hipparchy   rule or control of horses
73. hoplarchy   government by the military
74. hyperanarchy   condition of extreme anarchy
75. hyperarchy   excessive government
76. iatrarchy     government by physicians
77. idiocracy     personal rule; self-rule
78. infantocracy   government by an infant
79. isocracy     equal political power
80. jesuitocracy   government by Jesuits
81. juntocracy   government by a junta
82. kakistocracy   government by the worst
83. kleptocracy   government by thieves
84. kritarchy     government by judges
85. landocracy   government by the propertied class; timocracy
86. logocracy     government of words
87. matriarchy   government by women or mothers
88. meritocracy   government by the meritorious
89. merocracy   government by a part of the citizenry
90. mesocracy   government by the middle classes
91. metrocracy   government by mothers or women; matriarchy
92. millionocracy   government by millionaires
93. millocracy   government by mill owners
94. mobocracy   government by mobs or crowds
95. monarchy   government by one individual
96. moneyocracy   government by the monied classes
97. monocracy   government by one individual
98. myriarchy   government by ten thousand individuals
99. narcokleptocracy government by those who profit from trade in illegal drugs
100. navarchy     rulership over the seas
101. neocracy     government by new or inexperienced rulers
102. nomocracy   government based on legal system; rule of law
103. ochlocracy   government by mobs
104. octarchy     government by eight people
105. oligarchy     government by the few
106. paedarchy   government by children
107. paedocracy   government by children; paedarchy
108. panarchy     universal rule or dominion
109. pantarchy   government by all the people; world government
110. pantisocracy   government by all equally
111. paparchy     government by the pope
112. papyrocracy   government by newspapers or literature
113. parsonarchy   government by parsons
114. partocracy   government by a single unopposed political party
115. patriarchy   government by men or fathers
116. pedantocracy   government by pedants or strict rule-bound scholars
117. pentarchy   government by five individuals
118. phallocracy   government by men
119. philosophocracy government by philosophers
120. phylarchy     government by a specific class or tribe
121. physiocracy   government according to natural laws or principles
122. pigmentocracy government by those of one skin colour
123. plantocracy   government by plantation owners
124. plousiocracy   government by the wealthy; plutocracy
125. plutarchy     government by the wealthy; plutocracy
126. plutocracy   government by the wealthy
127. polarchy     government by many people; polyarchy
128. policeocracy   government by police
129. pollarchy     government by the multitude or a mob; ochlocracy
130. polyarchy     government by many people
131. polycracy     government by many rulers; polyarchy
132. popocracy   government by populists
133. pornocracy   government by harlots
134. prophetocracy   government by a prophet
135. psephocracy   government resulting from election by ballot
136. ptochocracy   government by beggars or paupers; wholesale pauperization
137. punditocracy   government by political pundits
138. quangocracy   rule of quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations
139. rotocracy     government by those who control rotten boroughs
140. septarchy     government by seven rulers; heptarchy
141. shopocracy       government by shopkeepers
142. slavocracy   government by slave-owners
143. snobocracy   government by snobs
144. sociocracy   government by society as a whole
145. squarsonocracy government by landholding clergymen
146. squatterarchy   government by squatters; squattocracy
147. squattocracy   government by squatters
148. squirearchy   government by squires
149. squirocracy   government by squires; squirearchy
150. statocracy   government by the state alone
151. stratarchy   rulership over an army
152. stratocracy   military rule or despotism
153. strumpetocracy government by strumpets
154. synarchy     joint sovereignty
155. technocracy      government by technical experts
156. tetradarchy   government by four people; tetrarchy
157. tetrarchy     government by four people
158. thalassiarchy   sovereignty of the seas; thalassocracy
159. thalassocracy   sovereignty of the seas
160. thearchy     rule by a god or gods; body of divine rulers
161. theatrocracy   goverment by gathered assemblies of citizens
162. theocracy   government by priests or by religious law
163. timarchy     government by the propertied class; timocracy
164. timocracy     government by the propertied class
165. triarchy     government by three people
166. tritarchy     government by three people; triarchy
167. tritheocracy   government by three gods
168. whiggarchy   government by Whigs
169. xenocracy   government by a body of foreigners

Why majority rule?

• Democracy in its true sense is rule by people. 
• The only way a government can function, and the only way a people's voice can be expressed to effect a practicable control of government, is through a process in which decisions are made by the majority. This is not a perfect way of controlling government, but the alternatives -decisions made by a minority, or by one person are even worse and are the source of great evil. To be just, majority decisions must be in the best interest of all the people, not just one faction.
• The will of the majority honestly expressed should give law.
• Civil government being the sole object of forming societies, its administration must be conducted by common consent.
• The fundamental principle is that the will of the majority is to prevail.
• If we are faithful to our country, in the decisions of the majority, and the nation moves in mass in the same direction.
• Where the law of the majority ceases to be acknowledged, there government ends, the law of the strongest takes its place.
• A nation ceases to be republic, when the will of the majority ceases to be the law.
• If the avenue of the expression of the voice of the whole people be shut, we shall go on in the endless circle of oppression, rebellion, reformation; and oppression, rebellion, reformation again; and so on forever.
• No good measure was ever proposed which, if duly pursued, failed to prevail in the end.
• Against a majority we cannot effect by force. Reason and persuasion are the only practicable instruments.
• If the measures which have been pursued are approved by the majority, it is the duty of the minority to acquiesce and conform.
• Laws made by common consent must not be trampled on by individuals.
• This sacred principle that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful, must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to violate would be oppression.
• The majority oppressing an individual, is guilty of a crime, abuses its strength, and by acting on the law of the strongest breaks up the foundations of society.
• Great innovations should not be forced on a slender majority.
• A geographical division ... is a most fatal of all divisions, as no authority will submit to be governed by a majority acting merely on a geographical principle.

My View:

We all know that majority is not always right. The minority is often right and the majority, who are usually conservative by nature and with backward, feudal mindsets, often wrong. In India the majority of people are casteist, communal and superstitious and hence no rapid progress is possible. India requires scientific thinking and massive investments to eradicate poverty, unemployment, lack of healthcare and good education, etc. But our politics under the present parliamentary system of democracy is largely based on caste and communal vote banks and rarely people elect merit candidates giving scope to criminals entering legislatures. Most of our present politicians are selfish, greedy and unpatriotic, with no love for people, but are experts in manipulating vote banks and polarizing the people on caste and communal lines. Casteism and communalism are feudal forces obstructing our nation's progress. Unless we make large investments in education and awareness creation, people will not be able to overcome these feudal forces and see reason in electing genuinely good people. Instead of going for drastic measures for rapid development which would confuse poorer & uneducated masses and make them scary & skeptical, we should improve upon existing systems with giant steps with transparency of process and building confidence of people. Remember systems never fail; It is people who fail them.

Amaravati and 400 Railway Stations - Swiss Challenge

A Swiss challenge is a form of public procurement in some (usually lesser developed) jurisdictions which requires a public authority (usually an agency of government) which has received an unsolicited bid for a public project (such as a port, road or railway) or services to be provided to government, to publish the bid and invite third parties to match or exceed it. Some Swiss challenges also allow the entity which submitted the unsolicited bid itself then to match or better the best bid which comes out of the Swiss challenge process.

Vijay Kelkar (Ex-Finance Secretary) panel in its report on  December 29, 2015 has asked the central government to actively ‘discourage’ the ‘Swiss Challenge’ for auctioning infrastructure projects as they bring information asymmetries in the procurement process and result in lack of transparency and in the fair and equal treatment of potential bidders in the procurement process. The panel called for urgent changes to the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988 as well as government’s vigilance and conduct rules in order to distinguish “genuine errors” in decision-making by public servants from acts of corruption, the panel has emphasized the need to guard officers against ‘witch hunt’ while taking immediate measures to punish malafide actions.

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/panel-warns-against-swiss-challenge-route/article8055148.ece

Disadvantages:

1. Lack of transparency, information asymmetries  and competition.
2. Foster crony capitalism.
3. Scope for companies to employ dubious means to bag projects.
4. Strong legal and regulatory framework needed to award projects.
5. Understanding of risks involved in a project.
6. Direct negotiations with private players can be fraught with downsides.
7. Competitive bidding is the best method to get the best value on projects. 
8. Ends up in granting viability gap funding, commercial exploitation of real estate, etc., without deriving durable and long-term social or economic benefits.
9. Results in over sized projects resulting in investments getting blocked and funding huge maintenance expenditure.

Some Examples: 

1. Mumbai-Pune Express way resulted in government making guaranteed toll revenues gap funding to developers for over a decade. 
2. Enron's Dabhol Power Project resulted in robbing MSEB's revenues by 40% while contributing 15% power to Maharashtra grid, that led to cancellation of contract.
3. Hyderabad's 160 km 8 lane ORR costing Rs.7,000 crores. Even after 6 years traffic is much below the break even mark. Ideally it should have been a 4 lane ORR in the 1st phase and expansion to 6/8 lanes in 2nd phase as and when needed. This would have saved idle investment of Rs.2000-3000 crores.
4. Hyderabad Airport built on land parcel of 5,400 acres costed about Rs.3,000 crores became operational in 2008. This resulted in closing of Begumpet airport and no airport to come up with 150 km radius depriving Warangal & Mahboobnagar airports for a period of 30 years. Annual passenger traffic increased was from 6 million to 12 million (21%) and aircraft movement from 80,000 to over 100,000 (7%) in the past 8 years making it huge loss making venture. In contrast, Mumbai Airport is on land parcel of 1450  acres, handling 42 million passengers and 300,000 aircraft movements, annually. Even though losses are borne by the concessionaire for now, they will get compensated by allowing commercial exploitation of real estate sooner or later. Due its high charges, Lufthansa & KLM Airlines have withdrawn their operations to Hyderabad.
5. Riyadh Airport (78,000 acres) in Saudi Arabia was built in 1983 costed $ 3 billion with over 100 gates has capacity of over 100 million passengers. The 2013 figures are 19 million passengers and 160,000 aircraft movement.

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Arun Jaitley, Finance Minister announcing development of 400 railway stations and Chandrababu Naidu, CM of AP announcing handing over of 5,000 acres to Singapore contractor for development of seed capital in 1691 acres FREE of cost through 'Swiss Challenge' method speaks volumes about opaqueness of the deals and mind boggling corruption is not ruled out. Unless transparency is maintained and in the absence strong legal and regulatory framework for awarding contracts, BJP & TDP will very soon have to face allegations of corruption, crony capitalism, nepotism etc. which are not devoid of prima-facie. 

Needless to say planning, designing, preparing estimates, mobilizing institutional finances, inviting tenders and awarding contract and supervision of work being executed in phases is not only transparent but also the cheapest model of development. Any other method is not only very expensive but also end up with white elephants. Nothing comes FREE in this world. It is prudent and cheaper to pay in cash than in kind.

Finally, these developer contractor will mobilize not more than 10% of project cost as their equity and remaining 90% will come from local partner's equity and our institutional loans. Is it not a matter of shame that we bring foreign consultants & foreign contractors to execute our project with our money and walk away with huge profits, impoverishing our nation?